Translate this page into:
Alteration of neutral-alpha glucosidase in seminal plasma and correlation with sperm motility among men investigated for infertility Nigeria: a cross-sectional study
-
Received: ,
Accepted: ,
This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
This article was originally published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Abstract
Introduction:
Proteomic studies are becoming popular lately among reproductive biologists in the diagnosis and management of several diseases including male infertility.
Objective:
To evaluate the level of Neutral-alpha Glucosidase (NAG) in the seminal plasma of men being investigated for infertility in and to correlate its activity with sperm motility.
Materials and Methods:
Four hundred men age range 23–60 years were consecutively recruited in the study. After physical and clinical evaluation, the semen was collected by self or assisted masturbation and analysis was done according to the World Health Organization guidelines. The semen was then centrifuged and seminal plasma separated for the assay of NAG activity by ELISA technique using reagents supplied by Melson Medical Co, Shangai, China within one week of collection. The participants were categorized in to normozoospermia (191), oligozoospermia (98), severe oligozoospermia (70) and azoospermia (41) based on sperm count.
Results:
The mean levels of NAG activity decreased with decreasing levels of sperm count with values lowest among azoospermia and highest among normozoospermic subjects. The comparison of NAG activity between the various categories and control subjects was significantly different (P<0.001) except for normozoospermia which was not significantly different (P>0.05) when compared with controls. The mean NAG activity level was significantly lower among the asthenozoospermia (P<0.001) compared with normozoospermia. The NAG activity correlated positively with percentage sperm motility (r=0.126; P<0.02) and percentage sperm count (r=0.107; P<0.05).
Conclusion:
The findings indicate that NAG can be used for the assessment of semen quality as an adjunct to traditional semen analysis.
Keywords
Astenozoospermia
male infertility
neutral α-glucosidase
semen analysis
INTRODUCTION
Infertility has become a public health challenge all over the world and the increasing decline in semen quality is worrisome especially among men in the so called infertility belt of sub-Saharan Africa. Proteomic studies are increasingly been used in the diagnosis and management of several diseases including male infertility. Semen analysis is one of the initial assessments conducted in the investigation of men undergoing fertility evaluation.[1] Since semen analysis was introduced in the 1950s, it has remained the bedrock of male infertility evaluation. It involves detail evaluation of semen volume, pH sperm number, motility, morphology and viability of the ejaculate in the clinical laboratory. Ejaculates are mixture sperm cells, stored in the paired epididymis mixed with and diluted by fluid produced from the accessory sex organs.[2] But semen analysis does not provide sufficient evidence or insight in to the subcellular alterations that might occur in the spermatozoa and its micro-environment. This has necessitated the introduction of other assays that are detail and thorough that could make for clearer understanding at molecular level.[3,4]
The spermatozoa obtain their fertility potential during epididymal maturation phase prior to ejaculation.[5] It is at this final stage that seminal fluid is produced by the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and other accessory organs of the male reproductive system. The seminal fluid is comprised of proteins, fructose, mucus, vitamin C, flavins among others.[6] The ejaculated semen thus contains cellular (spermatozoa) and non-cellular components.[7,8] The non-cellular components provide energy, protection, aid capacitation and acrosome reaction which are very important for the reproductive success of spermatozoa.[9,10]
Several seminal plasma proteins have been identified and characterized as potential biomarkers of not just male infertility, but differential diagnosis of pathologies associated with male infertility.[1] Neutral alpha glucosidase (NAG) hydrolyzes the α-1,4 glycosidic bonds of maltooligosaccharides and maltodextrines obtained from the hydrolysis of glycogen by α-amylases. It hydrolyzes α-1, 2, α-1,3; and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds to a smaller extent.[11] Low NAG activity has been associated with functional deficiency of epididymis in infertile males.[12] Even though the exact role played by NAG in sperm function is not completely understood, some authors have reported that it may be related with sperm maturation through protein modification.[13] Some have observed a lower NAG activity as sperm abnormality increases,[14] and the spermatozoa from these subjects showed poor ability to bind zona pellucida; indicating that NAG may have a role in sperm- egg binding[13] In the light of the above reports, evaluation of NAG activity as part of laboratory assays in the evaluation of male infertility cannot be ignored. In addition, evaluation of NAG activity may be helpful for identifying epididymal patency and sperm abnormality. Unfortunately, conflicting reports exist in literature as to the usefulness of the assay in male infertility. Whereas Krause and Bohring[15] failed to provide any additional relevant information compared to data from routine semen analysis, other authors have suggested that NAG is an important marker for assessing seminal plasma quality in addition to routine semen analysis which are vital for diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.[16,17] This study seeks to evaluate the activity level of NAG in the seminal plasma of men investigated for infertility and its association with sperm motility.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study design
This is a cross-sectional study of males investigated for infertility between November 2017 and July, 2019 and the study participants were between the ages of 23-60 years. They comprised of males evaluated for infertility because their partners were unable to conceive after one or more years of unprotected intercourse. The control group was males without chronic clinical illnesses and had their baby within the last one year.
Ethical consideration
Ethical clearance was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee of Osun State Ministry of Health, Abere, Osogbo, Osun State (Ref. OSHREC/PRS/569/149) dated 30th November, 2017. All study participants were enlightened on the nature of the study and informed consent was obtained before specimens were collected.
Inclusion criteria
All male subjects aged 23–60years evaluated for infertility and consented to be enrolled without physical abnormalities or chronic illnesses were included in the study. Subjects without chronic clinical illnesses and had their babies within the last one year, whose seminal fluid analysis showed over 15 million sperm cells per milliliter semen according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria[19] were included and used as controls.
Exclusion criteria
Individuals with known pathological or congenital conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sexually transmitted diseases, testicular varicocele and genital warts were excluded. In addition, individuals currently on antioxidant supplementation, smokers and alcoholics were also excluded due to their high seminal reactive oxygen species levels and possibly low antioxidant activity which might lead to decreased motility and abnormal sperm morphology.
Sample collection
Semen samples were collected in a sterile container by self or assisted masturbation after at least 3days of sexual abstinence (without the use of spermicidal lubricants). The specimens were delivered to the laboratory within 30 minutes of ejaculation. Two specimens were collected at different visits within two months for analysis and mean value of the determinations was used.
Laboratory analysis and techniques
Routine semen analysis
Semen analyses were done according to WHO protocol.[2] Following liquefaction the semen specimens, volume, appearance, pH, and viscosity were assessed. Routine semen analysis was performed microscopically with special interest in the sperm concentration, percentage motility and percentage morphology. Based on the sperm concentration/count according to WHO criteria,[19] the overall samples were therefore categorized into: normospermia; ≥15 × 106 cells/mL, oligozoospermia; <15-5 × 106cells/mL, severe Oligospermia; <5 × 106 cells/mL and azoospermia; absence of sperm cells in the ejaculate.
Neutral Alpha Glucosidase (NAG) This was assayed using competitive enzyme immunoassay assay technique by Melson Medical Corporation, Shanghai, China.
Principle: Neutral alpha Glucosidase (α-Glu) deconstructs disaccharides into glucose, and increase the blood glucose level. The stop solution changes the color from blue to yellow and the intensity of the color is measured using spectrophotometer at 450nm. In order to measure the concentration of α-Glu in the sample, the α-Glu ELISA kit includes a set of calibration standards. The calibration standards are assayed at the same time as the samples and allowed the operator to produce a standard curve of optical density versus α-Glu concentration. The activities of α-Glu in the samples are then determined by comparing the O.D of the sample to the standard curve.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES
The data generated from the study were compared between the groups using unpaired Students-t-test by statistical software SPSS version 21 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
The results from this study are presented in Tables 1 and 2, and Figure 1. Of the 400 men investigated for infertility, 191 were normozoospermia, 98 oligozoospermia, 70 severe oligozoospermia and 41 azoospermia [Figure 1].
- Categories of infertility among the study participants
Table 1 shows that the mean levels of NAG activity decrease with decreasing levels of sperm count with values lowest among azoospermia and highest among normozoospermic subjects. The comparison of NAG activity between the various categories and control subjects was significantly significant (P < 0.001) except for normozoospermia which was not significantly significant (P > 0.05). The mean NAG activity level was significantly lower among the asthenozoospermia (P < 0.001) compared with normozoospermia. The difference in the mean NAG activity levels among the teratozoospermia was lower but not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Table 2 indicates the correlation of NAG activity with measured sperm indices. The NAG activity correlates significantly with percentage sperm motility (r = 0.126; P < 0.02) and percentage sperm count (r = 0.107; P < 0.05). The correlation between NAG activity and percentage sperm morphology was not statistically significant (r = 0.103; P > 0.05).
DISCUSSION
The proteomic approach to the laboratory work-up in the evaluation of male infertility is increasingly popular among reproductive biologists. It is useful in identifying the molecular factors associated with the aetiologies of male infertility.[1] The sperm cells depend on the non-cellular components of semen fluid for their normal biological function, since the non-cellular components contain factors needed for the provision of energy and protection of sperm cells during their movement within the female reproductive tract and subsequent fertilization process.
In this study NAG activity was decreased with decreasing concentration of sperm cells while percentage sperm motility was significantly lower (P < 0.001) among men with asthenozoospermia than normozoospermia. This findings are consistent with previous studies.[16,17] It was reported that among Chinese infertile men, the level of NAG in normozoospermia was significantly higher than that in subfertile and infertile men (P =0 .0001), while the level of NAG in subfertile men was significantly greater than that in infertile men (P =0 .0001). In addition, a significant difference was reported in normozoospermia, teratozoospermia, asthenospermia, severe oligozoospermia, asthenoteratozoospermia, oligoasthenospermia, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia and azoospermatism (P < .05).[16] The authors concluded that NAG is a crucial marker for assessing seminal plasma quality in Chinese men, which might assist in the diagnosis of male infertility. In the same vein, Mankad et al.[17] observed that the mean NAG activity was lowest among the azoospermic group compared with oligozoospermic and normozoospermic groups. Karthikeyan and Manian[18] reported that NAG was significantly lower among infertile Indian men with azoospermia than controls. The evaluation of NAG in human semen has been suggested to be sensitive, non-invasive and with a short turn-around time for identifying obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia.[19] In the present study, we did not seek to identify the type of azoospermia rather it was designed to know the activity level NAG among infertile men investigated for infertility.
Male infertility has become a major health problem that requires urgent attention but appears to be neglected in Nigeria.[20] Asthenozoospermia characterized by reduced sperm motility is often reported as part of the aetiologies of male infertility in several studies. The physiology and molecular basis of asthenozoospermia is not fully understood.[21] The causes of poor sperm motility include abnormal metabolism in the testicular tissue or epididymis, structural deficiency in the sperm tail and functional deficiency of the epididymis or other accessory sex glands.[22,23,24] Even though traditional semen analysis is one of the first assays done in the evaluation of male infertility, it does however reveal the reason for defects associated with asthenozoospermia. It is plausible that individual protein defects in spermatozoa or seminal plasma might be responsible for poor sperm motility and/or fertilization failure.[21] Proteomic studies on asthenozoospermia are increasingly conducted with new proteins and pathways involved in sperm motility identified.[21] The ability of the sperm cells to move forward is crucial for successful fertilization of the oocytes.[25]
Although a significant correlation between NAG and sperm concentration was reported by Levrant et al.,[13] they concluded that routine determination of NAG activity is not practical; but when an epididymal pathology leading to a physiological or anatomical functional abnormality is suspected, the evaluation of NAG activity may be useful in the diagnosis, and aid in the prognosis of the condition. Among the draw backs associated with NAG determination include duration of sexual abstinence and storage. It was reported that NAG activity was significantly lower after two to three days of sexual abstinence when compared with both four to five days of abstinence and six to seven days of abstinence respectively.[26] The participants in our study had approximately the same duration of sexual abstinence. In the same vein, storage at −20°C may affect the NAG activity as it was observed that the equine α-glucosidase activity was lower by 10% during one week and subsequently declined to 10%, 30% and 40% after 10, 20 and 30days respectively. Storage for over three months period caused NAG activity to decay by 60%–70% of the initial activity level.[27] It was suggested that azoospermia ejaculates with low NAG activity may suggest a complete post Caput epididymal occlusion, since in humans, most of the enzyme activity is observed in or above this anatomical region.[14] Subjects with low serum testosterone concentration are likely to present with low NAG activity.[28]
CONCLUSION
The mean seminal plasma levels of NAG activity decrease with decreasing levels of sperm count with values lowest among azoospermia and highest among normozoospermic subjects. The mean NAG activity levels was significantly lower among the asthenozoospermia (P < 0.001) than normozoospermia and NAG activity correlated positively with percentage sperm motility and percentage sperm count. The findings show that NAG can be used for the assessment of semen quality as an adjunct to traditional semen analysis.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
We appreciate the contributions of all Physicians, Nursing and Medical Laboratory Scientists towards the completion of this study.
REFERENCES
- Alterations in seminal plasma proteomic profile in men with primary and secondary infertility. Scientif Reports (Nature Research). 2020;10:7539.
- [Google Scholar]
- WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen (5th). 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland: WHO Press, World Health Organization; 2010. p. :7-113.
- Limitations of semen analysis as a test of male fertility and anticipated needs from newer tests. Fertil Steril. 2014;102:1502-7.
- [Google Scholar]
- Biological basis for human capacitation-revisited. Hum Reprod Update. 2017;23:289-99.
- [Google Scholar]
- Ejaculate composition after masturbation and coitus in the human male. Inter J Androl. 1986;9:401-6.
- [Google Scholar]
- Seminal plasma effects on sperm handling and female fertility. Soc Reprod Fertil Supplement. 2007;64:13.
- [Google Scholar]
- The enigmatic seminal plasma: a proteomics insight from ejaculation to fertilization. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018;16:41.
- [Google Scholar]
- Seminal plasma proteins: what role do they play? Am J Reprod Immunol. 2011;66:11-22.
- [Google Scholar]
- The activity of neutral α-glucosidase and selected biochemical parameters in the annual cycle of breeding carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e 0142227.
- [Google Scholar]
- Why do we continue to determine a-glucosidase in human semen? Andrologia. 2002;34:8-10.
- [Google Scholar]
- The relevance of neutral glucosidase activity in andrology. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2009;55:116-9.
- [Google Scholar]
- Alpha-glucosidase in the human epididymis: Topographic distribution and clinical application. Andrologia. 2004;36:315-20.
- [Google Scholar]
- Why do we determine alphaglucosidase activity in human semen during infertility work-up? Andrologia. 1999;31:289-94.
- [Google Scholar]
- Level of neutral alpha-1,4-glucosidase in seminal plasma of Chinese men. Andrologia. 2018;50:e12948.
- [Google Scholar]
- Seminal plasma zinc concentration and alpha-glucosidase activity with respect to semen quality. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006;110:97-106.
- [Google Scholar]
- Evaluation of fructose and α-glucosidase and its correlation with human semen parameters for better prognosis of male infertility. Drug Invention Today. 2019;12:1294-8.
- [Google Scholar]
- Enzyme and hormonal markers in the differential diagnosis of human azoospermia. Arch Androl. 1992;28:181-94.
- [Google Scholar]
- Male infertility in Nigeria: a neglected Reproductive Health issue requiring attention. J Basic Clin Reprod Scis. 2015;4:45-53.
- [Google Scholar]
- Proteomic profile of human spermatozoa in healthy and asthenozoospermic individuals. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2018;16:16.
- [Google Scholar]
- A survey of the ultrastructural defects associated with absent or impaired human sperm motility. Fertil Steril. 1990;53:556-60.
- [Google Scholar]
- Mechanisms and effects of male genital tract infection on sperm quality and fertilizing potential: the andrologist’s viewpoint. Hum Reprod Update. 1999;5:393-8.
- [Google Scholar]
- Synthesis of highly unsaturated phosphatidylcholines in the development of sperm motility: a role for epididymal glycerol-3-phosphorylcholine. Mol Cell Biochem. 1985;69:3-6.
- [Google Scholar]
- Moving to the beat: a review of mammalian sperm motility regulation. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2006;18:25-38.
- [Google Scholar]
- Association between age and epididymal and accessory sex gland function and their relation to sperm motility. Arch Androl. 2007;53:149-56.
- [Google Scholar]
- Identification and partial characterization of a-1,4-glucosidase activity in equine epididymal fluid. Theriogenology. 2004;61:1545-58.
- [Google Scholar]
- Basal serum testosterone as an indicator of response to clomiphene treatment in human epididymis, seminal vesicles and prostate. Andrologia. 2002;34:308-16.
- [Google Scholar]
